Safety & the double-edged risks

What we know about LL-37 risks, and what we do not

LL-37 safety is inseparable from its double-edged biology. The same membrane activity that kills microbes is cytotoxic to human cells in culture, the same immune signaling can drive harmful inflammation, and a regulator reviewing the nonclinical data named both protumorigenic effects and detrimental effects on male reproduction.

This unit separates the reassuring parts from the open questions. There is no large human safety record for administered LL-37, its window is narrow, and its context-dependent effects mean risk is not just about dose but about who and where. As everywhere in this course, this is education, not medical advice.